Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation Climate affects ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, health, infrastructure, and economies. Vulnerability depends on exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Adaptation reduces harm through measures such as resilient infrastructure, water management, and early-warning systems. Mitigation—reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing sinks—aims to limit future warming. Integrated assessment considers socio-economic pathways, technological options, and policy instruments (carbon pricing, regulations, renewables deployment).
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