: Despite the modernization of public services in Surabaya (e.g., through Digital Population Identity (IKD) ), social stratification remains. Research suggests that status and authority still play major roles in how public resources are monopolized or accessed. 3. Impact on Public Service
Surabaya is a modern city, but the KUA (Religious Affairs Office—run by PNS) still processes hundreds of underage marriage dispensations a year. The culture of PNS in the local KUA often pushes back against modern ABG autonomy. Many ABG girls marry early due to pergaulan bebas (free association) or economic pressure. The PNS role is caught between religious conservatism (preventing zina ) and human rights (protecting child development). This is the quiet crisis no one wants to talk about at Tunjungan Plaza . : Despite the modernization of public services in
The PNS ABG phenomenon in Surabaya also reveals several cultural implications, including: Impact on Public Service Surabaya is a modern
: Surabaya's "Arek" culture—known for being egalitarian, blunt, and open—deeply influences these young officials, often clashing with the formal, hierarchical norms of the Indonesian bureaucracy. The PNS role is caught between religious conservatism
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