: Focuses on ethology (natural behavior), conditioning, and psychological health .
Clinical ethology—the study of animal behavior in a veterinary context—has shifted from a niche interest to a core component of general practice. This change is driven by the understanding that a "healthy" animal is not merely one free of disease, but one that is mentally stimulated and emotionally stable. : Focuses on ethology (natural behavior), conditioning, and
: This involves managing "abnormal" or problem behaviors in companion animals through an evidence-based approach that combines psychology, neurobiology, and pharmacology. Preventive Education : Focuses on ethology (natural behavior)
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